Speech Act Analysis on Barrack Obama’s Speech in Indonesia
Ahmad Kirom
07320064
CHAPTER I
A. Background of the study
Speech acts are actions performed via utterances (apology, complaint, compliment, etc). They apply to the speaker’s communicative intention in producing an utterance. The speaker normally expects that his/her communicative intention will be recognized by the hearer. Both speaker and hearer are usually helped in this process by the circumstances surrounding utterances. These circumstances, including other utterances, are called speech events. In many ways, it is the nature of the speech event that determines the interpretation of an utterance as performing a particular speech act. For example, the utterance this tea is really cold (Yule, 1996:48), functions as a complaint if it is uttered on a winter day, when the speaker reaches for a cup of tea, believing that it has been freshly made. It may also function as praise if it is uttered on a really hot summer’s day, with the speaker being given a glass of iced tea by the hearer.
Speech act can be analysis with three levels. They are locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary. In this research, the researcher will analyze speech acts on “Barack obama speech in Indonesia”, because in his speech, the researcher will find promise and hope that are identified by the illocutionary act. The researcher will focus on Searle’s theory in his research. Searle proposes five macro classes of illocutionary acts. Those are (1) Representative, (2) Directives (3) Commisives (4) Expressives, and (5) Declarative (Yule, 1996:53) A study of speech acts on “Barack Obama speech in Indonesia” means to explain the relationship between theory of language, especially speech act theory with its practice. This research tries to describe the theory of speech act functions as theory of language in use.
The researcher chooses Barrack Obama speech because in Barrack Obama speech researcher found many linguistic phenomena that are very interesting to be elaborated. The researcher found functions of speech acts which are used by Barrack obama on his speech. Secondly, Barrack Obama is a president of United State who comes in Indonesia is not just for visiting, but also he makes a political relation between United Stated and Indonesia. So in his speech, there are many political utterances that are used by Obama.
Furthermore, this study has a relation to the previous study on the same field. Handayani(2004) who focused on the illocutionary act used by transsexual people in Malang. azizah(2005) who focused on the speech act used by AA’ Gym in his perch. Hidayati(2007) who focused on the illocutionary act used by President George.W.Bush.
Although there are many researchers who have explored illocutionary act but the researcher topic is different. The researcher chooses different subject that is On Barrack Obama speech in Indonesia. In the previous study, the researcher found a hole that is not explained before by the previous researcher. That’s way the researcher wants to analyze Barrack Obama speech with illocutionary act theory of Searle classification. Researcher hopes this study will give any advantages to all of people who watching Obama speech especially for linguistics students who are studying in illocutionary act.
B. Research Focus
In accordance with the background of the study, the focus in this study is formulated as follows:
- What are the types of speech act on Barrack obama speech in Indonesia?
- What are the functions of speech act on Barrack obama speech in Indonesia?
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2. Theoritical Framework
In completing this thesis the researcher uses some theories. This chapter contains some theories and previous studies. They are Hyme speaking, felicity condition, and speech act. In speech act the researcher elaborates the types of speech act and the function of illocutionary act.
2.1 Theory
2.1.1 Hyme Speaking
a. Setting and Scene
Setting refers to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances" (Scene is the "psychological setting" or "cultural definition" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness (Hymes 55-56).
b. Participants
Speaker and audience. Linguists will make distinctions within these categories; for example, the audience can be distinguished as addressees and other hearers (Hymes 54 & 56).
c. Ends
Purposes, goals, and outcomes (Hymes 56-57).
d. Act Sequence
Form and order of the event.
e. Key
Cues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act (Hymes 57).
f. Instrumentalities
Forms and styles of speech (Hymes 58-60).
g. Norms
Social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reaction.
h. Genre
The kind of speech act or event; for our course, the kind of story.
2.1.2 Felicity Conditions
As we have already seen in the section above, for an utterance to perform a certain act, some appropriate conditions have to be fulfilled. Technically, they are called ‘felicity conditions’. Speech act theory defines underlying conditions that must hold for an utterance to be used to realize a certain speech act.
Here is an example taken from Yule (1996:50-51): In everyday contexts among ordinary people, there are preconditions on speech acts. These are called general conditions on the participants, for example, that they can understand the language being used. There are also the so-called content conditions. For example, for a promise, the content of the utterance must be about a future event. The preparatory conditions for a promise require first, that the event will not happen by itself, and second, that the event will have a beneficial effect. Related to these conditions is the sincerity condition that, for a promise, the speaker genuinely intends to carry out the future action. Finally, there is the essential condition, which covers the fact that by the act of uttering a promise, I thereby intend to create an obligation to carry out the action as promised. In other words, the utterance changes the state from non-obligation to obligation
2.1.3 Speech Acts
Speech acts are actions performed via utterances (apology, complaint, compliment, etc.) They apply to the speaker’s communicative intention in producing an utterance. The speaker normally expects that his/her communicative intention will be recognized by the hearer. Both speaker and hearer are usually helped in this process by the circumstances surrounding utterances. These circumstances, including other utterances, are called speech events. In many ways, it is the nature of the speech event that determines the interpretation of an utterance as performing a particular speech act. The action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts:
1. locutionary act: the basic act of utterance, producing a meaningful linguistic expression. At this level, the locution is what the words say.
2. Illocutionary act: performed via the communicative force of an utterance, the function that we have in mind when we produce an utterance, what the words do. This is also known as the illocutionary force of an utterance.
3. perlocutionary act: the effect you intend your utterance to have on the hearer. For example, the perlocutionary effect of the utterance It’s hot in here might be the hearer going to the window and opening it. This is also known as the perlocutionary effect of an utterance.
2.1.4 illocutionary acts
The Function of Illocutionary Acts Leech 1983 (In Oka, 1993:162) classifies illocutionary acts into four functions in accordance with relationship to social purposes. They are:
1. Competitive
In this function, illocution purposes compete with social purposes such as ordering, asking, claiming, etc. In competitive, the politeness contains negative side.
2. Convivial
In this function, the illocution purpose is parallel to social purpose such as offering, inviting, greeting, thanking, and congratulating. Its form tends to be positive in politeness.
3. Collaborative
The illocution purposes apart from social purposes, such as, stating, reporting, announcing, and teaching. This function involves no politeness for it is not relevant.
4. Conflictive
The illocution purposes conflict with social purposes, such as threatening, accusing, etc. Its form has no politeness because in threatening or accusing someone is not likely to do in a polite.
2.2 Previous study
This study has a relation to the previous study on the same field. Handayani(2004) who focused on the illocutionary act that was used by transsexual people in Malang. In her research she found many functions of illocutionary acts; competitive, collaborative, convivial, and conflictive. Azizah(2005) who focused on the speech act that was used by AA’ Gym in his perch. In her research she found that AA’ Gym often used directive illocutionary act to make the audiences easily to understand. Hidayati(2007) who focused on the illocutionary act that was used by President George.W.Bush.
References
Forguson, L W. 1973. Locutionary and Illocutionary Act. In Warnock. Oxford University Press
Finch, Geoffrey. 1998. How To Study Linguistics. Macmillian press. London
George, Brown Gillian. 1983. Discourse analysis United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
Gore, Paul. 2006. Syntax and parsing. Cambridge university press. New York.
Halion, Kevin. Deconstruction and speech act theory: a defense of the distinction between normal and parasitic speech act. (online). (www://e-anglais.com/thesis.html, accessed on October 3 2010)
Longman. 1977. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Kind Permission of Academic Press. New York
Mariane, Celce-Murcia and Elite, Olshtain. 2000. Discourse and Context in Language Teaching. Cambridge University press. New York.
Mc carthy, M. 1991. Discourse analysis for language teachers. Cambridge university press
Searle, J R. 1969. Speech Act. Cambridge university press
Searle, J R. 1975. Indirect Speech Act. In cole and morgan
Stubbs, M. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Black Well. OxfordStrawson, P F. 1973. Austin and Locutionary Meaning. Oxford university press
Ahmad Kirom
07320064
CHAPTER I
A. Background of the study
Speech acts are actions performed via utterances (apology, complaint, compliment, etc). They apply to the speaker’s communicative intention in producing an utterance. The speaker normally expects that his/her communicative intention will be recognized by the hearer. Both speaker and hearer are usually helped in this process by the circumstances surrounding utterances. These circumstances, including other utterances, are called speech events. In many ways, it is the nature of the speech event that determines the interpretation of an utterance as performing a particular speech act. For example, the utterance this tea is really cold (Yule, 1996:48), functions as a complaint if it is uttered on a winter day, when the speaker reaches for a cup of tea, believing that it has been freshly made. It may also function as praise if it is uttered on a really hot summer’s day, with the speaker being given a glass of iced tea by the hearer.
Speech act can be analysis with three levels. They are locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary. In this research, the researcher will analyze speech acts on “Barack obama speech in Indonesia”, because in his speech, the researcher will find promise and hope that are identified by the illocutionary act. The researcher will focus on Searle’s theory in his research. Searle proposes five macro classes of illocutionary acts. Those are (1) Representative, (2) Directives (3) Commisives (4) Expressives, and (5) Declarative (Yule, 1996:53) A study of speech acts on “Barack Obama speech in Indonesia” means to explain the relationship between theory of language, especially speech act theory with its practice. This research tries to describe the theory of speech act functions as theory of language in use.
The researcher chooses Barrack Obama speech because in Barrack Obama speech researcher found many linguistic phenomena that are very interesting to be elaborated. The researcher found functions of speech acts which are used by Barrack obama on his speech. Secondly, Barrack Obama is a president of United State who comes in Indonesia is not just for visiting, but also he makes a political relation between United Stated and Indonesia. So in his speech, there are many political utterances that are used by Obama.
Furthermore, this study has a relation to the previous study on the same field. Handayani(2004) who focused on the illocutionary act used by transsexual people in Malang. azizah(2005) who focused on the speech act used by AA’ Gym in his perch. Hidayati(2007) who focused on the illocutionary act used by President George.W.Bush.
Although there are many researchers who have explored illocutionary act but the researcher topic is different. The researcher chooses different subject that is On Barrack Obama speech in Indonesia. In the previous study, the researcher found a hole that is not explained before by the previous researcher. That’s way the researcher wants to analyze Barrack Obama speech with illocutionary act theory of Searle classification. Researcher hopes this study will give any advantages to all of people who watching Obama speech especially for linguistics students who are studying in illocutionary act.
B. Research Focus
In accordance with the background of the study, the focus in this study is formulated as follows:
- What are the types of speech act on Barrack obama speech in Indonesia?
- What are the functions of speech act on Barrack obama speech in Indonesia?
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2. Theoritical Framework
In completing this thesis the researcher uses some theories. This chapter contains some theories and previous studies. They are Hyme speaking, felicity condition, and speech act. In speech act the researcher elaborates the types of speech act and the function of illocutionary act.
2.1 Theory
2.1.1 Hyme Speaking
a. Setting and Scene
Setting refers to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances" (Scene is the "psychological setting" or "cultural definition" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness (Hymes 55-56).
b. Participants
Speaker and audience. Linguists will make distinctions within these categories; for example, the audience can be distinguished as addressees and other hearers (Hymes 54 & 56).
c. Ends
Purposes, goals, and outcomes (Hymes 56-57).
d. Act Sequence
Form and order of the event.
e. Key
Cues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act (Hymes 57).
f. Instrumentalities
Forms and styles of speech (Hymes 58-60).
g. Norms
Social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reaction.
h. Genre
The kind of speech act or event; for our course, the kind of story.
2.1.2 Felicity Conditions
As we have already seen in the section above, for an utterance to perform a certain act, some appropriate conditions have to be fulfilled. Technically, they are called ‘felicity conditions’. Speech act theory defines underlying conditions that must hold for an utterance to be used to realize a certain speech act.
Here is an example taken from Yule (1996:50-51): In everyday contexts among ordinary people, there are preconditions on speech acts. These are called general conditions on the participants, for example, that they can understand the language being used. There are also the so-called content conditions. For example, for a promise, the content of the utterance must be about a future event. The preparatory conditions for a promise require first, that the event will not happen by itself, and second, that the event will have a beneficial effect. Related to these conditions is the sincerity condition that, for a promise, the speaker genuinely intends to carry out the future action. Finally, there is the essential condition, which covers the fact that by the act of uttering a promise, I thereby intend to create an obligation to carry out the action as promised. In other words, the utterance changes the state from non-obligation to obligation
2.1.3 Speech Acts
Speech acts are actions performed via utterances (apology, complaint, compliment, etc.) They apply to the speaker’s communicative intention in producing an utterance. The speaker normally expects that his/her communicative intention will be recognized by the hearer. Both speaker and hearer are usually helped in this process by the circumstances surrounding utterances. These circumstances, including other utterances, are called speech events. In many ways, it is the nature of the speech event that determines the interpretation of an utterance as performing a particular speech act. The action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts:
1. locutionary act: the basic act of utterance, producing a meaningful linguistic expression. At this level, the locution is what the words say.
2. Illocutionary act: performed via the communicative force of an utterance, the function that we have in mind when we produce an utterance, what the words do. This is also known as the illocutionary force of an utterance.
3. perlocutionary act: the effect you intend your utterance to have on the hearer. For example, the perlocutionary effect of the utterance It’s hot in here might be the hearer going to the window and opening it. This is also known as the perlocutionary effect of an utterance.
2.1.4 illocutionary acts
The Function of Illocutionary Acts Leech 1983 (In Oka, 1993:162) classifies illocutionary acts into four functions in accordance with relationship to social purposes. They are:
1. Competitive
In this function, illocution purposes compete with social purposes such as ordering, asking, claiming, etc. In competitive, the politeness contains negative side.
2. Convivial
In this function, the illocution purpose is parallel to social purpose such as offering, inviting, greeting, thanking, and congratulating. Its form tends to be positive in politeness.
3. Collaborative
The illocution purposes apart from social purposes, such as, stating, reporting, announcing, and teaching. This function involves no politeness for it is not relevant.
4. Conflictive
The illocution purposes conflict with social purposes, such as threatening, accusing, etc. Its form has no politeness because in threatening or accusing someone is not likely to do in a polite.
2.2 Previous study
This study has a relation to the previous study on the same field. Handayani(2004) who focused on the illocutionary act that was used by transsexual people in Malang. In her research she found many functions of illocutionary acts; competitive, collaborative, convivial, and conflictive. Azizah(2005) who focused on the speech act that was used by AA’ Gym in his perch. In her research she found that AA’ Gym often used directive illocutionary act to make the audiences easily to understand. Hidayati(2007) who focused on the illocutionary act that was used by President George.W.Bush.
References
Forguson, L W. 1973. Locutionary and Illocutionary Act. In Warnock. Oxford University Press
Finch, Geoffrey. 1998. How To Study Linguistics. Macmillian press. London
George, Brown Gillian. 1983. Discourse analysis United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
Gore, Paul. 2006. Syntax and parsing. Cambridge university press. New York.
Halion, Kevin. Deconstruction and speech act theory: a defense of the distinction between normal and parasitic speech act. (online). (www://e-anglais.com/thesis.html, accessed on October 3 2010)
Longman. 1977. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Kind Permission of Academic Press. New York
Mariane, Celce-Murcia and Elite, Olshtain. 2000. Discourse and Context in Language Teaching. Cambridge University press. New York.
Mc carthy, M. 1991. Discourse analysis for language teachers. Cambridge university press
Searle, J R. 1969. Speech Act. Cambridge university press
Searle, J R. 1975. Indirect Speech Act. In cole and morgan
Stubbs, M. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Black Well. OxfordStrawson, P F. 1973. Austin and Locutionary Meaning. Oxford university press
Komentar
Posting Komentar